traumatic brain injury wiki

Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations, hemiparesis or other focal neurologic deficits. [12], Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, memory loss, and deteriorating cognitive abilities. symptoms remain the same or get better; worsening symtptoms indicate a more severe injury. They check the patient's temperature, blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, and pupil size and response to light. Patients with fluent aphasia, also called Wernicke's aphasia or sensory aphasia, display little meaning in their speech, even though they speak in complete sentences and use correct grammar. Tinnitus, a ringing or roaring in the ears, may occur. Skull fractures, especially at the base of the skull, can cause cranial nerve injuries that result in compressive cranial neuropathies. Skull fractures can cause cerebral contusion. Types of focal brain injury include bruising of brain tissue called a contusion and intracranial hemorrhage or hematoma, heavy bleeding in the skull. Some may experience aphasia, defined as difficulty with understanding and producing spoken and written language; others may have difficulty with the more subtle aspects of communication, such as body language and emotional, non-verbal signals. Hydrocephalus or post-traumatic ventricular enlargement occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain resulting in dilation of the cerebral ventricles (cavities in the brain filled with CSF) and an increase in ICP. These symptoms may last for a few weeks after the head injury. Medical personnel assess the patient's condition by measuring vital signs and reflexes and by performing a neurological examination. A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.The terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature. They assess the patient's level of consciousness and neurological functioning using the Glasgow Coma Scale. [9] Memory loss, the most common cognitive impairment among head-injured people, occurs in 20–79% of people with closed head trauma, depending on severity. The risk of complications increases with the severity of the trauma;[1] however even mild traumatic brain injury can result in disabilities that interfere with social interactions, employment, and everyday living. Great care must be taken in prescribing medications because TBI patients are more susceptible to side effects and may react adversely to some pharmacological agents. [1], TBI may cause emotional or behavioral problems and changes in personality. These tears that let CSF out of the brain cavity can also allow air and bacteria into the cavity, possibly causing infections such as meningitis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic injuries to the brain, also called intracranial injury, or simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes brain damage. TBI patients may have problems with spoken language if the part of the brain that controls speech muscles is damaged. The most common cognitive impairment among severely head-injured patients is memory loss, characterized by some loss of specific memories and the partial inability to form or store new ones. Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a blow, bump or jolt to the head, the head suddenly and violently hitting an object or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Stupor is a state in which the patient is unresponsive but can be aroused briefly by a strong stimulus, such as sharp pain. Traumatic brain injuries are usually emergencies and consequences can worsen rapidly without treatment. [16] About one quarter of people with TBI suffer from clinical depression, and about 9% suffer mania. Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Brain injury often occurs during some type of trauma, such as an accident, blast, or a fall. ↑ Schulz-Stübner S: Sedation in traumatic brain injury: avoid etomidate. Any damage to the head or brain usually results in some damage to the vascular system, which provides blood to the cells of the brain. a severe, persistent, or worsening headache, increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation, vomiting and neurological deficit (e.g. Client Resources Edit. Traumatic brain injury (TBI, physical trauma to the brain) can cause a variety of complications, health effects that are not TBI themselves but that result from it. [26] A variety of medication may be used to help decrease or control neurostorm episodes. acquired brain injury ; Translations . [27], Parkinson's disease and other motor problems as a result of TBI are rare but can occur. It is normal for bodily injuries to cause swelling and disruptions in fluid balance. Complications related to pulmonary dysfunction can include neurogenic pulmonary edema (excess fluid in lung tissue), aspiration pneumonia (pneumonia caused by foreign matter in the lungs), and fat and blood clots in the blood vessels of the lungs. Traumatic brain injury usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. Speech is often slow, slurred, and garbled. (Redirected from Mild traumatic brain injury) For other uses, see Concussion (disambiguation). These complications are not types of TBI, but are distinct medical problems that arise as a result of the injury. A healthy adult brain weighs about two and a half to three pounds, and is located inside the skull, which protects the brain from injury. Injuries to the base of the skull can damage nerves that emerge directly from the brain (cranial nerves). Medical personnel measure a patient's ICP using a probe or catheter. Meningitis may be especially dangerous, with the potential to spread to the rest of the brain and nervous system. In any of these cases, without adequate oxygen, a biochemical cascade called the ischemic cascade is unleashed, and the cells of the brain can die within several minutes. Patients with global aphasia have extensive damage to the portions of the brain responsible for language and often suffer severe communication disabilities. Locked-in syndrome is a condition in which a patient is aware and awake, but cannot move or communicate due to complete paralysis of the body. Doctors usually need to assess the situation quickly. [1], Another common problem is spasticity. These are called congenital brain injuries.. A physical injury can also hurt the brain (for example, if a person hits their head in a car accident).These types of brain injuries are called traumatic brain injuries. Neurostorms may occur after a severe TBI. All but three of the 12 cranial nerves project out from the brainstem to the head and face. Imaging tests help in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of a TBI patient. TBI can cause a variety of problems including physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral complications. Psychiatric problems that may surface include depression, apathy, anxiety, irritability, anger, paranoia, confusion, frustration, agitation, insomnia or other sleep problems, and mood swings. Attitudes and behaviors that are appropriate for a child or teenager become inappropriate in adulthood. Traumatic brain injury (TBI, physical trauma to the brain) can cause a variety of complications, health effects that are not TBI themselves but that result from it. The services and efforts of this team of healthcare professionals is generally applied to the practical concerns of and the problems encountered by the brain injury survivor in their daily life. Pain, especially headache, is commonly a significant complication for conscious patients in the period immediately following a TBI. The syndrome is more prevalent in patients who had psychiatric symptoms, such as depression or anxiety, before the injury. In this disorder, called dysarthria, the patient can think of the appropriate language, but cannot easily speak the words because they are unable to use the muscles needed to form the words and produce the sounds. Since many head-injured patients may also have spinal cord injuries, the patient is placed on a back-board and in a neck restraint to prevent further injury to the head and spinal cord. Rehabilitation is an important part of the recovery process for a TBI patient. Removal of assistive devices will result in immediate cardiac arrest and cessation of breathing. [9] TBI appears to predispose a person to psychiatric disorders including obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol or substance abuse or substance dependence, dysthymia, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, phobias, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. [6], Most patients with severe TBI who recover consciousness suffer from cognitive disabilities, including the loss of many higher-level mental skills. If a patient has high ICP, he or she may undergo a ventriculostomy, a procedure that drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles to bring the pressure down. Symptoms begin anywhere between 6 and 40 years after the start of a boxing career, with an average onset of about 16 years. In general, brain damage refers to significant, undiscriminating trauma-induced damage, while neurotoxicity typically refers to selective, chemically induced neuron damage. DAI is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury and is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after severe head trauma. Complications of TBI include immediate seizures, hydrocephalus or post-traumatic ventricular enlargement, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, infections, vascular injuries, cranial nerve injuries, pain, bed sores, multiple organ system failure in unconscious patients, and polytrauma (trauma to other parts of the body in addition to the brain). Some patients may need medication for psychiatric and physical problems resulting from the TBI, and various medications are available that may lessen or moderate the problematic manifestations of the injury without directly altering the underlying pathology. [1] CSF can also leak from the nose and the ear. approximately 270,000 people experience a moderate or severe TBI. The lower the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), the higher the chance of Neurostorming. Many TBI patients who show psychiatric or behavioral problems can be helped with medication and psychotherapy. Generally it occurs within the first year of the injury and is characterized by worsening neurological outcome, impaired consciousness, behavioral changes, ataxia (lack of coordination or balance), incontinence, or signs of elevated ICP. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress (2003) CDC, Department of Health and Human Services, The original version of this article contained text from the NINDS public domain pages on TBI at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/tbi_doc.htm and http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/tbi.htm, Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI, TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, single photon emission computed tomography, CDC, Department of Health and Human Services, Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress, Cognitive Stimulation Therapy in neurorehabilitation, http://www.brainsource.com/brain%20injury.htm, http://www.how-psychology-tests-brain-injury.com, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/tbi_doc.htm, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/tbi.htm, https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury?oldid=174630. 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