Report to the Legislature: Progress of the 2001 Spartina Eradication Program. Scheffer TH, 1945. Biological control of Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington using the planthopper Prokelisia marginata: agent specificity and early results. ©Fred Weinmann/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Brown CE, Pezeshki SR, DeLaune RD, 2006. Ebasco Environmental, 1993. Spartina marshes in southern England. Accretion rates of low intertidal salt marshes in the Pacific Northwest. Principal source: Invasive Spartina Project, 2003. A Literature review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed species and related taxa in Australia. Therefore, to measure S. alterniflora coverage we developed an area of interest by buffering the mapped 2015 coastline for each site 2 km inland and 5 km seaward. > 10°C, Cold average temp. In: The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California [The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California], Costa C S B, Marangoni J C, Azevedo A M G, 2003. Spartina spp. 10 (1), 54-60. Invasive Spartina Project. Bortolus, Alejandro., 2008. 27 (1), 32-42. For example, seagrasses (, Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of, prior to their recommendation for widespread use. Birmingham, UK: Centre for Evidence- Based Conservation. 82 (10), 2830-2845. 6-12. A review of Spartina management in Washington State, US. Restoration-Ecology. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. Stage 1. Norman M, Patten K, 1994. Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds. Thom RM, 1992. 2000. In: Biological Conservation [ed. Effects of stem density upon sediment retention by salt marsh cord grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel. The table below shows the average S. alterniflora density reductions achieved by various control methods. The roles of Spartina species in New Zealand. The short form is more common in slightly higher areas, while the tall form is more common in low areas that are flooded by tides every day. 22. Estuaries, 18(2):409-417. Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Own-Bey M, 1969. San Francisco, CA, USA: San Francisco State University. and Bax, N.J. 2001, The Wed-Based Rapid Response Toolbox. Hubbard JCE, 1965. Where S. alterniflora has been introduced to San Francisco Bay, sediment accretion rates have been estimated at 1.4 to 13.3 mm/yr. Ecological effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion of the littoral flat community in Willapa Bay, Washington. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. by Carey J R, Moyle P, Rejmánek M, Vermeij G J]. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is one of the most invasive exotic plants of saltmarshes worldwide. San Francisco Bay). Olympia, Washington, USA: Washington State Department of Agriculture. Hedge P, Kriwoken LK, Patten K, 2003. Further investigation of the differing methods of application used to apply glyphosate showed that aerial application did not significantly reduce the density of S. alterniflora. Fully developed Spartina marshes have steeply sloping seaward edges and deep, steep-sided tidal channels. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. Optimizing the efficacy of glyphosate to control Spartina alterniflora. Plant zonation in irregularly flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress tolerance and biological interactions. In: Proceedings 21st N.Z. Estuaries, 12(1):27-34. The decline of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in the British Isles. Wetlands, 12:147-156. The Global Invasive Species Database was developed and is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with imazapyr. Plant Symbol = SPAL. The impact of ozone on a salt marsh cordgrass (. Anttila C K, Daehler C C, 1997. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. A review of Spartina management in Washington State, US. ... Habitat. Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Effects of grazing on a salt marsh. S. alterniflora, along with other Spartina was initially seen by many coastal engineers as a species that could be used to create natural erosion control barriers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25:95-109. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Atlantic cordgrass. Flora category. Thom R, Cordell J, Simenstad C, Luiting V, Borde B, 1997. Appearance: Tall, smooth grass. Mullins PH, Marks TC, 1987. Care must be taken to remove both the shoot and root for effective control. Spartina alterniflora var. Landward of the tall form, an intermediate form occurs, which grades into a stunted form at the salt marsh interior (Smart, 1982). Online Database. Brown C E, Pezeshki S R, DeLaune R D, 2006. Callaway JC, Josselyn MN, 1992. The stems are hollow and hairless. USA. Along its introduced east coast range S. alterniflora flowers between late August and September. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora, smooth cordgrass), a halophyte native deeply rooted in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, is an invasive species of coasts at the global scale (An et al., 2007, Zheng et al., 2016). Does exotic Spartina alterniflora change benthic invertebrate assemblages? Darnell, T. M., and E. H Smith. Uses . The loss of habitat for bivalves is of particular concern in Willapa Bay, WA, as it supports a US$16 million oyster industry. Control of smooth cordgrass with Rodeo® in a southwestern Washington estuary. Ayres, D. R., D. R. Strong, and P. Baye. 267-274. Distribution of Spartina alterniflora in Padilla Bay, Washington, in 1991. Patten K, 2002. Special report No. Weber E, 2003. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. Hedge P, Kriwoken L, 1997. Culm erect, 8-30mm diam. Wallingford, UK: CABI. A small population was eradicated from Humbolt Bay. Habitat. The effects of aeration on the growth of Spartina alterniflora, Loisel. It prefers locations with low to moderate wave energy, where it further decreases the wave energy causing sediment to be deposited around its stems. The majority of trials captured by Roberts and Pullin (2006) review of Spartina control investigated the impact of either glyphosate or imazapyr. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants. Spartina alterniflora to the native ecosystem: 1. Kilbride KM, Paveglio FL, Grue CE, 1995. Cranford P J, Gordon D C, Jarvis C M, 1989. 21st N.Z. Draft Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); stem, showing collar and sheath. 110 (1), 99-108. Champion, P.D. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with imazapyr. 2002. The risk of intentional introductions is now reduced as this species is now a regulated listed weed in most American states, New Zealand, Australia and United Kingdom. Balthuis DA, Scott BA, 1993. 1916. Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Description. Shaw WB, Gosling DS, 1997. Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report. 7., 28 pp. Measurement of cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, production in a macrotidal estuary, Bay of Fundy. Plants rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, flaccid, white, scales inflated, not or only slightly imbricate. Bertness MD, 1991. 33-40. M.A. Sayce (1988) suggests that S. alterniflora was introduced to Willapa Bay, WA, as a discarded packaging material for shipments of eastern oyster spats originating from the east coast of North America. 58 (4), 317-324. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-current-issue DOI:10.1641/B580407. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. It also has the capacity to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, including: inundation up to approximately 12 hours a day, pH levels between 4.5and 8.5 and salinity levels of 10-60 ppt, although 10-20 ppt allows for optimal growth (Landin, 1991). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 548 pp. Spartina alterniflora commonly known as smooth cord grass is a species that inhabits marsh habitat in its native range, where introduced It is known to establish itself in wave-protected mud and sand flats and grow very quickly into dense impenetrable stands. It is also a part of one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, a wetland. © Copyright 2021 CAB International. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE, Atlantic cordgrass (English), salt-water cordgrass (English), saltmarsh cordgrass (English), smooth cordgrass (English), The Western Aquatic Plant Management Society (2004) reports that, \", The Invasive Spartina Project (2003) list down the impacts of the introduced, For details on preventative, physical, chemical and biological control of this species please read our pdf file on, Countries (or multi-country features) with distribution records for. Crushing is less expensive than (approximately £50,000), and in addition is quicker than tilling (1-2hr/ha), but for more effective control two or more treatments are required in one year (Roberts and Pullin, 2006; 2007). have a dense root/rhizome system that binds coastal mud and its sturdy stem decreases wave action allowing silt deposition, causing elevation of the mudbank, assisting in land reclamation. Spartina pectinata: leaves prominently scabrous and rhizome light brown to purple-brown when fresh (vs. S. alterniflora, with leaves smooth or slightly scabrous along apical margins and … Also present in Bolinas Lagoon and the bays of Point Reyes National Seashore, north of San Francisco, where it is being smothered or dug out (Howard, 2008). Turner M G, 1987. Ecological Engineering, 8:31-47. Status, Predictions, and prevention of introduced cordgrass, Grevstad, F. S., D. R. Strong, D. Garcia-Rossi, R. W. Switzer, and M. S. Weckere. Watsonia. Comparison of chemical and mechanical control efforts for invasive Spartina in Willapa Bay, WA. 16 (4), 826-832. Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Alternate common name: Saltwater Cordgrass, Marsh Grass. In: Salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris). Other concerns include the replacement of open mudflat habitats associated with bottom-dwelling invertebrate communities by vegetative salt marsh species. Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in a New England salt marsh. which proved to be a highly effective control against another cordgrass species S. anglica, achieving around 98%. Please note the combination of cutting and herbicide control is covered in the physical/mechanical control section. Daehler and Strong (1994) conducted a self-pollinating experiment to show that S. alterniflora outcrosses, with all self-pollinated seeds failing to germinate. Hedge P, Kriwoken L, 1997. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Systematic Review No. Vila, M., E. Weber, and C. M. D. Antonio. 82-90. Mechanical control interventions against S. alterniflora have been extensively trailed by Dr. Kim Patten on the Willapa Bay populations. Smooth cordgrass is the dominant emergent grass species found growing along tidal salt marshes of the In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis as Habitat for the Ribbed Mussel, Geukensia demissa, in Saw Mill Creek of New Jersey™s Hackensack Meadowlands - 86 - habitat usage was evaluated using a semisessile species, G. demissa. Effects of grazing on a salt marsh. Potentially introduced to Washington state as discarded packaging material for shipments of oysters. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. 100 no. CSIRO Marine Research: Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge. USA. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. The use of 1-5% wetter or surfactant with the glyphosate application improved the impact of treatment (Norman and Patten, 1995; Patten, 2002; Roberts and Pullin, 2006). Cranford PJ, Gordon DC, Jarvis CM, 1989. Initially, the species established on the west side of Long Island (Sayce, 1988). in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA. 105-125. viii + 548 pp. 17 (10), 1972-1978. 2003. Using a close relative of S. alterniflora as a guide, sediment accretion associated with S. anglica infestations in England, has been reported to reduce tidal flow (Hubbard, 1965). I tested the general hypothesis that the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora facilitates the establishment and persistence of New England cobble beach plant communities by modifying the shoreline environment. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. Biological Invasions 2: 207-217, 2000. Based on bird usage and sediment softness, tilling appears to restore mudflats back to suitable habitat for foraging shoreline birds (Gross-Custard and Moser, 1988). This means that the introduction of S. alterniflora to an estuary or coastline can occur via either natural spread, due to tidal conditions or via human induced actions such as shipping (ballast water) or intentional planting (e.g. Washington State Department of Ecology, Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report No. Reduced herbivore resistance in introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) after a century of herbivore-free growth. Expansion rates and recruitment frequency of exotic smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel), colonizing unvegetated littoral flats in Willapa Bay, Washington. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25(4):567-575. Higher stem densities dissipate more wave action, therefore allowing a larger amount of sediment to be deposited and a steeper beach profile to form (Gleason et al., 1979). Panicles 10-40 cm, with 3-25 branches, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheath; branches 5-15 cm, loosely appressed, not twisted, more or less equally subremote to moderately imbricate throughout the panicle, axes often prolonged beyond the distal spikelets, with 10-30 spikelets. Western Aquatic Plant Management Society. The flowers (classified yellow, although visually seem white) are inconspicuous and are borne in greatly congested spikes, 2-5 cm long (Hitchcock et al., 1969). The addition of a surfactant/wetting agentincreased the imazapyr effectiveness at binding to the Spartina stands (Patten, 2002; Roberts and Pullin, 2006). Norman M, Patten K, 1995. Culms to 250 cm tall, (0.3) 5-15(20) mm thick, erect, solitary or in small clumps, succulent, glabrous, having an unpleasant, sulphurous odor when fresh. 75 (4), 1015-1022. Mullins P H, Marks T C, 1987. Effects of grazing by feral horses, clipping, trampling and burning in a Georgia salt marsh. … Spartina: Threat to Washington's saltwater habitat. Washington State Department of Agriculture Bulletin. Impact of high herbivore densities on introduced smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, invading San Francisco Bay, California. However, ground sprayed glyphosate did significantly reduce S. alterniflora density, with treatment dates of June/July applications of 38 kg ae/ha being more effective than either similar concentrations at different times of the year or lower active ingredient concentrations. 591-600. Partridge TR, 1987. Managing Spartina in Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. CABI is a registered EU trademark. Spartina alterniflora is Lessman JM, Mendelssohn IA, Hester MW, McKee KL, 1997. Journal of Ecology. Ecology, 73(5):1842-1851. Spartina is a relatively small genus consisting of approximately 14 species, geographically centered along the east coast of North and South America, with outliers on the west coast of North America, Europe, and Tristan da Cunha. S. alterniflora has also been reportedly used as a packing material for oyster shipments. Grows between the low- and high-tide marks in salt and brackish marshes, forming dense colonies that usually parallel the shoreline. Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of S. alterniflora clones, in Willapa Bay are smaller than populations in surrounding non-vegetated intertidal mudflats (Norman and Patten, 1994). Sheaths mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. Marsh grass provides a habitat for many invertebrates like clams, crabs, and oysters, as well as many fish species. Journal of Ecology (Oxford), 91(6):951-965. Invasion of mudflats and channels and their conversion to marsh habitat. As a result, it was widely planted at coastal sites throughout the UK, Northern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China and USA, where it has naturally colonized (via seed or vegetative fragments) large areas of tidal mudflats, becoming an invasive species. Genus: Spartina Species: alterniflora Common names: Smooth cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, saltwater cordgrass, Atlantic cordgrass, oystergrass Basic identification key Using the Key to West Coast Spartina Species’ dichotomous key one can properly identify Spartina alterniflora among the other Spartina species. S. alterniflora is the larval host and/or the nectar source of Automeris louisiana (Louisianan eyed silk moth) (Covell, 2005). Kunz K, Martz M, 1993. S. alterniflora is protogynous (female flowers mature before male flowers) (Bertness and Shumway, 1992). Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Leaflets of Western Botany, 4:163-164. Estuaries, 15(2):218-226. Spartina alterniflora . Spikelets 8-14 mm, straight, usually divergent, more or less equally imbricate on all the branches. Ecology. For example, seagrasses (Zostera spp. Pollen swamping of the native California cordgrass (S. Foliosa) by introduced smooth cordgrass (S. Alterniflora) in San Francisco Bay. Spartina Workshop Record, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, pp. Mechanical and chemical control of smooth cordgrass in Willapa Bay, Washington. Roberts PD, Pullin AS, 2006. National Introduced Marine Pest Information System (NIMPIS), 2002. Altrazine effects on estuarine macrophytes Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus. Western Aquatic Plant Management Society, 2004. Error Cascades in the Biological Sciences: The Unwanted Consequences of Using Bad Taxonomy in Ecology. Ecology, 72(1):138-148. Philip Roberts, CABI, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK. Population variation in growth response to flooding of three marsh grasses. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California. 2010, EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species, Highly adaptable to different environments, Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc, Benefits from human association (i.e. Within its native range, S. alterniflora became highly regarded as an erosion control tool, which led to it being widely introduced to other areas (Simenstad and Thom, 1995). DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00017-1, Daehler C C, Strong D R, 1997. USA. Facts. Ambio Vol. The native range of S. alterniflora is the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Lowerconcentrations of the herbicides active ingredient (ae) (1.7kg ae/ha) were required to achieve superior densityreductions than treating with glyphosate (38kg ae/ha). An excellent species to use in habitat … Spartina alterniflora ) in San Francisco Bay high-tide... 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